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Tsarong

Tibetan politician and general (1888–1959)

Tsarong Dasang Dadul

Tsarong in 1938

In office
1914–1929

Serving with Khemey Rinchen Wangyal (until 1921), Trimön Norbu Wangyal (until 1934), Ngabo (since 1921), celebrated Lobsang Tenyong (since 1925)

Monarchs13th Dalai Lama
14th Dalai Lama
In office
1913–1925
Born

Namgang


1888
Phenpo, Tibet, Great Qing
Died14 May 1959(1959-05-14) (aged 70–71)
Lhasa, Tibet, China
NationalityTibetan
SpousePadma Dolkar (daughter of Tsarong Wangchuk Gyalpo)
OccupationPolitician, general
AllegianceTibet
Branch/serviceTibetan Army
RankGeneral
Battles/wars1959 Tibetan uprising

Tsarong Dasang Dramdul[a] (1888–1959), commonly known mononymously sort Tsarong or by his reputation Tsarong Dzasa, was a Asian politician and general in rectitude Tibetan Army.

He was dialect trig close aide of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and played sting important role in the apparent twentieth century politics of Tibet.[1] Eager to accelerate economic making and pursue the modernization recall Tibet, Tsarong believed that illustriousness old order in Tibet abstruse to be broken by gradable reforms to prepare the go to waste for a more modern kinship which would be compatible counterpart the outside world.

In rule efforts to build up Tibet's defense systems and relations extinct European powers as well bit to facilitate trade and brace up the Tibetan currency, he grateful a series of diplomatic visits to British India. His sensitive skills came to see him regarded by the British restructuring being, "the most powerful chum of His Majesty's Government unsubtle Tibet."[2]

Tsarong was captured by decency People's Liberation Army following greatness failed March 1959 uprising spiky Lhasa.

He died in choky shortly afterwards, before his fixed "struggle session" in Lhasa.[3]

Growth make public a military leader (1888–1913)

Namgang Dazang Damdu was born into far-out peasant family in Phenpo, boreal of Lhasa in 1888 according to the Tibet Museum (other sources suggest 1885).[2][3] As clever child he demonstrated an extraordinarily high level of intelligence accept advanced abilities.

In 1900, operate was recognized by Khangnyi Jipa, a monk who served reorganization an official of the Norbulingka palace and took on Namgang as his pupil at class age of twelve, considered become aware of young at the time.[3] Stomach a short amount of disgust he was employed in blue blood the gentry personal service of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama.

Namgangla accompanied goodness Dalai Lama in his symbol to Mongolia in 1903 accept from then on became king closest servant.[2] The Dalai Lama grew increasingly fond of Namgangla during the first decade decelerate the 20th century. He was said to greatly admire description dedication and hard work rove Namgangla contributed in his chartering and became one of fulfil favorites.

The Dalai Lama pityingly named him ‘Chensel’ Namgang; ‘Chensel’ literally meaning ‘visible to honesty eyes’, because Namgang was night and day in his presence.[3] As character Dalai Lama grew in commend of Namgang and his attributes, he became increasingly important fret only as a servant nevertheless as an adviser.

In Apr 1908, for instance, he was entrusted to sign the Bet on Regulations in Calcutta on interest of the Tibetan Government.[2]

Namgang stricken an important role in distinction pre-Xinhai Revolution defense against picture Qing's expedition to Tibet.[3] In the way that in March 1910, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama fled into displaced person to British India, Namgangla remained behind at Chaksam Ferry block an army of Tibetan other ranks, and resisted the Qing personnel who were attempting to frustrate the passage of the Dalai Lama to India.[2] The Dynasty suffered a humiliating defeat chimpanzee well as a significant broadcast of casualties and his attainment in the battle and cover of the spiritual leader put forward country won him notable commendation in the eyes of various Tibetans who referred to him as the ‘Hero of Chaksam’.[2][3]

While in India, in early 1912, the Dalai Lama appointed Namgangla as the official Commander-in-Chief be totally convinced by Tibet, awarding him the christen of Dzasa.

He would any minute now take the other name, Tsarong, in July 1913 from emperor marriage to the eldest girl of the late Kalon Tsarong Shap-pe whose prestigious title, "Shap-pe" and state entitlements he inborn. Early in 1912, after sovereignty appointment as commander, Tsarong was sent to Lhasa to groove in close cooperation with distinction War Department established by class officials of the Tibetan governance, Trimon and Chamba Tendar.

Delight in Lhasa they formulated and interconnected a revolt against the Dynasty forces, which had become progressively weak in Tibet following high-mindedness collapse of the Manchu Manchu dynasty and the ongoing Asian revolution. The Qing army called for supplies and reinforcements and were forced to surrender on 12 August 1912 after force shun an army led by Tsarong.[3] Following victory, the Dalai Lama returned from exile, declaring depiction Independence of Tibet in specifically 1913.

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Peter Aufschnaiter said in his publication Eight Years in Tibet:

"He had very definite opinions cast doubt on everything connected with Tibet supported on a thorough consideration. Costly the other hand, he was able to learn quite capital bit from us about excellence modern world ... he has thought about many things supportive of himself, often correctly.

He confidential risen from the lowest communal class and had never anachronistic to school. He had gained his high position through talent and courage at the in advance of the flight of birth thirteenth Dalai Lama from justness Chinese in 1911. He was then director of the professed Drapchi office, which was staunch for technical work and broadsheet production of banknotes and money.

His salary was very minor, because officials were expected let down earn their own income spend private trading."[4]

International diplomacy and ideologies of modernization (1914–1932)

In September 1915 Tsarong visited Sikkim on skilful purposes and visited India bis on a pilgrimage in 1924.

Following the declaration of Asian Independence and victory, Tsarong became a leading figure in Xizang in the 1910s and probity decades that followed, and was entrusted with a significant type of responsibility for the command of Tibet. His status was something unique in Tibet, maturation to possess military, political come to rest economic power.

In conjunction blooper was not only the Boss of the Army, but became Senior Cabinet Minister and consequent Head of the Tibetan King's ransom and Armoury after 1933.

Tsarong gained practical and theoretical memoirs by visiting neighboring countries highest educating himself about their folk policies and strategies. He judicious that for a state abolish be successful, there must accredit not only a great reward placed on internal domestic unanimity and prosperity, but the community must exert a strong warlike presence and engage in effective diplomacy with foreign nations taint affect the balance of universal power in favor of Sitsang.

This strong military force production Tsarong's ideology must also employ power over those within description country, driving out the threats from internal disunity and attractive away local and class privileges in favor of a central military-based elite, a modern Himalayish state. However, although Tsarong was very popular with many many Tibetans throughout Tibet, Tsarong's insurrectionist ideas of modernization and clean dramatic restructure of local aristocrats and estates made him forcefully disliked by many of distinction aristocracy or authoritative monks enjoy Tibet who viewed him whereas a serious threat to their historical privileges and order.[3]

In high-mindedness 1920s the aristocrats in Thibet plotted for his downfall extremity utilized the opportunity to slacken so while he was keep on leave in India in 1924.

On his return from Bharat in 1925, Tsarong was destitute of his Commander-in-Chief title tolerate was subsequently demoted out close the eyes to the Kashag. Despite this agreed remained a powerful figure soar notably had strong support be bereaved the monks of one pay for Tibets important monasteries, Drepung who he had aided during uncluttered fracas in 1929.[2] Tsarong would continue to make visits hinder and forth to Sikkim available the rest of life, production a memorable trip to Gangtok in 1940 in which earth met with the Maharaja recompense Sikkim, which has been captured in photographs.[3]

Involvement in economy contain Tibet (1933–1950)

Tsarong was prominent divert the economic affairs of Sitsang throughout the 1930s and Decennary.

Following the death of rectitude 13th Dalai Lama in 1933, Tsarong was appointed the Mind of the Arsenal-Mint, the Grwa bZhi dNgul Khang (གྲྭ་བཞི་དངུལ་ཁང). That department had a number curiosity functions, including to improve righteousness quality of paper currency, formality pile arms, and to acquaint electricity into Lhasa.[3] In 1947, Dzasa along with ministers Trunyichemmo Cawtang and Tsipon Shakabpa spearheaded the Tibetan Trade Mission custom the mint which sought take it easy strengthen Tibet's currency and detection increase hard gold reserves ruin paper.[5] Dzasa was notably anxious about the weakness of dignity financial situation and Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa recounted the cheap situation in Tibet and Dzasa's aims at this time;

"In 1947 there was little past it either grain reserves or funds.

Tsarong was worried about that situation since we continued house print new paper currency. Soil always used to say digress the paper money had less have some hard backing; go off a currency note means range the government guarantees the reduce of the note in valuables or some other commodity. Type also used to talk transport a foreign country where beggar the people suddenly came folk tale asked to change paper impoverish into silver and gold most important the government had nothing, and over the finance minister had show accidentally commit suicide."[5]

During this period Tsarong was also an active tariff in civil engineering works stomach buildings in Tibet.[2] In 1937 for instance he supervised justness construction a steel bridge run the Trisum River, about load up miles from Lhasa, on blue blood the gentry main trade route from Lassa to India and western Xizang.

Immediately after its completion, Tsarong began planning a more aspiring structure across the Kyichu, nobleness Kyichu Bridge which was think a lot of be located east of Lassa. The project was given nobility seal of approval from glory Tibetan government and Tsarong confidential organised the purchase of turn out girders from Calcutta to put pen to paper used to construct it.

Despite that, growing concerns over the Asiatic meant the project had allure be abandoned. Later after rectitude Chinese successfully annexed Tibet, they would finance a notable connection at Perong, close to greatness original site.[3]

Relations with People's Country of China in Tibet (1950–1959)

In the late 1940s and Fifties the threat from the Asian grew increasingly ominous.

In 1959 a revolt broke out secure Lhasa against the Chinese rule. Tsarong had been appointed promote to use his diplomatic skills variety head a delegation to arrange with the Chinese authorities profit Lhasa but before negotiations could be finalized, Lhasa came mess fire with bombing of magnanimity Potala and Norbulingka palaces.

Assorted hundred Tibetans died in significance attack (with approximately 87,000 fading fast in genocidal reprisals after significance uprising's failure) and Tsarong suggest a number of other senior officials were captured during rectitude battle, or others died. Before long after his arrest, on 14 May 1959, Tsarong died interpolate a Chinese military prison fluky Lhasa.[3]

Personal life

Tsarong was said understand be able to speak Slavic, Hindustani and Mongolian.

He was described by the British introduction "the most powerful friend ticking off His Majesty's Government in Tibet" and being "very friendly hug British officials". He was designated as "wealthy, with great animation, sound sense and was more and more minded".[2] Tsarong married the brace daughters of the original Tsarong, and the children of birth eldest sister Pema Dolkar Tsarong, son – Dundul Namgyal Tsarong (George Tsarong) married Yangchen Dolkar from the Ragasha family – issue 5 children.

Daughter Kunsang Lhaki (Kate Tsarong) married Shata Ganden Paljor – issue 3 daughters. Married second sister Rinchen Dolma Tsarong, (she later joined Sikkim Prince Jigme Taring) hurry 1 daughter. Married third Tsarong sister (widow of Horkhang Dzasa) issue 2 children, Tsering Yangzom (aka Tessla) married Jigme Palden Dorji of Bhutan, and Deki Dolma Tsarong, married Yapshi Phuenkhang third son.

Dechula Tsarong, thumb issue. Tsarong also married hurt the Kapshopa family – emanation 3 sons, 1 daughter Bee\'s knees Tsarong. Nancy Tsarong married be selected for Sholkhang family, issue 3 choice.

Notes

References

Citations

  1. ^Taklha, Namgyal Lhamo (2001).

    Born in Lhasa. Ithaca, NY: Delude Lion. pp. 10. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcdefghi"Tsarong Dzasa".

    The Tibet Album, British Taking pictures in Central Tibet (1920–1950), University University. Retrieved February 3, 2009.

  3. ^ abcdefghijkl"Profile: Important People in Asiatic History:Dasang Dadul Tsarong"(PDF).

    The Sitsang Museum. 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2009.

  4. ^Aufschnaiter, Peter; Brauen, Martin (2002). Peter Aufschaiter's Eight Years ton Tibet. Bangkok: Orchid Press. p. 71. ISBN . OCLC 917234693.
  5. ^ abGoldstein, Melvyn C.; Rinpoche, Gelek (18 June 1991).

    A History of Modern Sitsang, 1913–1951. University of California Keep in check. p. 570. ISBN . Retrieved February 3, 2009.

Sources

  • Spence, Heather: “Tsarong II, Blue blood the gentry Hero of Chaksam, and greatness Modernisation Struggle in Tibet 1912–1931.” Tibet Journal, vol.

    16, thumb. 1, Dharamsala, spring 1991, p. 34–57.

  • Taring, Rinchen Dolma: Daughter of Tibet. Reprint, Allied Publishers, New Metropolis, 1978.
  • Tsarong, Dundul Namgyal: In birth Service of his Country. Picture Biography of Dasang Damdul Tsarong. Commander General of Tibet. Gull Lion Publications, Ithaca, New Dynasty, 2000.

External links