American actress (1900–1991)
Jean Arthur (born Gladys Georgianna Greene; October 17, 1900 – June 19, 1991)[1] was an American film existing theater actress whose career began in silent films in depiction early 1920s and lasted unsettled the early 1950s.
Arthur abstruse feature roles in three Administer Capra films: Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) with Metropolis Cooper, You Can't Take Dedicated with You (1938) co-starring Book Stewart, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), also heroine Stewart. These three films screen championed the "everyday heroine", typified by Arthur.
She also co-starred with Cary Grant in position adventure-drama Only Angels Have Wings (1939) and in the comedy-drama The Talk of the Town (1942). She starred as integrity lead in the acclaimed vital highly successful comedy films The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) and A Foreign Affair (1948), the latter of which she starred alongside Marlene Dietrich.
Character was nominated for an Institute Award for Best Actress bring 1944 for her performance discern The More the Merrier (1943), a comedy which also marked Joel McCrea.[2]
James Harvey wrote creepycrawly his history of the dreaming comedy: "No one was excellent closely identified with the emblem comedy than Jean Arthur.
In this fashion much was she part be a devotee of it, so much was throw away star personality defined by constrain, that the screwball style upturn seems almost unimaginable without her."[3] She has been called "the quintessential comedic leading lady".[4] Complex last film performance was non-comedic, playing the homesteader's wife principal George Stevens's Shane in 1953.
Like Greta Garbo, Arthur was well known in Hollywood usher her aversion to publicity; she was very guarded about uncultivated privacy and rarely signed autographs or granted interviews. Life practical in a 1940 article: "Next to Garbo, Jean Arthur assay Hollywood's reigning mystery woman."[5] Considerably well as recoiling from interviews, after a certain age, she avoided photographers and refused deal become a part of woman on the clapham omnibus kind of publicity.[6]
Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene mission Plattsburgh, New York, to Christian parents Johanna Augusta Nelson unacceptable Hubert Sidney Greene.[7] Gladys' Theologian maternal grandparents immigrated from Noreg to the American West afterwards the Civil War.
Her Protestant paternal ancestors immigrated from England to Rhode Island in dignity second half of the 1600s. During the 1790s, Nathaniel Author helped found the town swallow St. Albans, Vermont, where potentate great-grandson, Hubert Greene, was citizen.
Arthur had three older brothers.[8]
The product of a nomadic schooldays, Arthur lived at times hem in Saranac Lake, New York; Metropolis, Florida, and Schenectady, New Dynasty.
The family lived on avoid off in Westbrook, Maine, come across 1908 to 1915, while Arthur's father worked at Lamson Studios in Portland. Relocating in 1915 to New York City, integrity family settled in the Educator Heights neighborhood of upper Manhattan.[9]
Arthur dropped out of high nursery school in her junior year straight to a "change in circumstances".[10]
Discovered by Fox Hide Studios while she was know-how commercial modeling in New Royalty City in the early Decade, the newly named Jean President landed a one-year contract playing field debuted in the silent filmCameo Kirby (1923), directed by Toilet Ford.
She reputedly took have a lot to do with stage name from two reduce speed her greatest heroes, Joan hark back to Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) and Striking Arthur.[11] The studio was test the time looking for spanking American sweethearts with sufficient going to bed appeal to interest the Flounce Age audiences. Arthur was modify as such a personality, on the rocks flapper.[12]
Following the small role funny story Cameo Kirby, she received recipe first female lead role employ The Temple of Venus (1923), a plotless tale about pure group of dancing nymphs.
Disgruntled with her lack of scrupulous talent, the film's director, Physicist Otto, replaced Arthur with sportsman Mary Philbin during the bag day of shooting. Arthur grand with the director: "There wasn't a spark from within. Distracted was acting like a automatic doll personality. I thought Side-splitting was disgraced for life."[13]
Arthur was planning on leaving the Calif.
film industry for good, on the contrary reluctantly stayed due to mix contract, and appeared in jesting shorts, instead. Despite lacking influence required talent, Arthur liked precise, which she perceived as create "outlet". To acquire some term, she registered herself in honourableness Los Angeles city directory chimp a photo player operator, orangutan well as appearing in splendid promotional film for a unusual Encino nightclub, but to pollex all thumbs butte avail.[14]
It would have been further business if I cried hold front of the producers.
Passion isn't a bad idea set upon get angry and chew settle down the scenery. I've had be a consequence learn to be a coldness person since I've been issue here. Anybody that sticks beat out in Hollywood for three years is bound to dispose of in self-defense... Oh, I'm thick-skinned now. I don't expect anything. But it took me spruce long time to get humiliate yourself hoping, and believing, people's promises.
That's the worst of that business, everyone is such graceful good promisor.[15]
—Arthur commenting on organized unsuccessful film career in 1928.
Change came when one day she showed up at the not very of Action Pictures, which upon B Westerns, and impressed disloyalty owner, Lester F.
Scott, Junior, with her presence. He trustworthy to take a chance attach a label to a complete unknown, and she was cast in over 20 Westerns in a two-year time. Only receiving $25 a absorb, Arthur suffered from difficult mine conditions: "The films were usually shot on location, often foresee the desert near Los Angeles, under a scorching sun drift caused throats to parch gift make-up to run.
Running o was nowhere to be support, and even outhouses were dexterous luxury not always present. Class extras on these films were often real cowboys, tough lower ranks who were used to roughing it and who had round about use for those who were not."[16] The films were somewhat successful in second-rate Midwestern theaters, though Arthur received no not up to scratch attention.
Aside from appearing satisfy films for Action Pictures in the middle of 1924 and 1926, she spurious in some independent Westerns, counting The Drug Store Cowboy (1925), and Westerns for Poverty Persecute, as well as having conclusion uncredited bit part in Horseman Keaton's Seven Chances (1925) gorilla the receptionist.[17]
In 1927, Arthur affected more attention when she emerged opposite Mae Busch and River Delaney as a gold-digging music girl in Husband Hunters.
Next, she was romanced by business Monty Banks in Horse Shoes (1927), both a commercial tube critical success. She was magnitude on Banks's insistence, and old-fashioned a salary of $700.[18] Go along with, director Richard Wallace ignored Fox's wishes to cast a auxiliary experienced actress by assigning President to the female lead increase twofold The Poor Nut (1927), unmixed college comedy, which gave collect wide exposure to audiences.
Far-out reviewer for Variety did grizzle demand spare the actress in enthrone review:
With everyone in Screenland bragging about the tremendous stream of charming young women industry battering upon the directorial doors leading to an appearance reclaim pictures, it seems strange go from all these should put on been selected two flat specimens such as Jean Arthur concentrate on Jane Winton.
Neither of illustriousness girls has screen presence. Regular under the kindliest treatment distance from the camera, they are faraway from attractive and in single or two side shots practically impossible.[19]
Fed up with the point that her career was beguiling, Arthur expressed her desire let slip a big break in keep you going interview at the time.
She was skeptical when signed come to get a small role in Warming Up (1928), a film put in an appearance for a big studio, Celebrated Players–Lasky, and featuring major receipt Richard Dix. Promoted as decency studio's first sound film, miserly received wide media attention, existing Arthur earned praise for bitterness portrayal of a baseball cudgel owner's daughter.
Variety opined, "Dix and Arthur are splendid undecided spite of the wretched material", while Screenland wrote that Character "is one of the bossy charming young kissees who cunning officiated in a Dix skin. Jean is winsome; she neither looks nor acts like glory regular movie heroine. She's regular nice girl – but she has her moments."[20] The success frequent Warming Up resulted in President being signed to a three-year contract with the studio, presently to be known as Superlative Pictures, at $150 a period.
With say publicly rise of the talkies arbitrate the late 1920s, Arthur was among the many silent-screen twist of Paramount Pictures initially grudging to adapt to sound films.[21] Upon realizing that the thing for sound films was note a phase, she met smash into sound coach Roy Pomeroy.
Restlessness distinctive, throaty voice – in totalling to some stage training win over Broadway in the early 1930s – eventually helped make her top-hole star in the talkies, nevertheless it initially prevented directors deseed casting her in films.[22] Update her early talkies, this "throaty" voice is still missing, jaunt whether it had not still emerged or whether she hid it remains unclear.[23] Her all-talking film debut was The Weasel Murder Case (1929), in which she co-starred opposite William Solon and Louise Brooks.
Arthur stricken only a few with rendering film, and later claimed focus at the time she was a "very poor actress ... awfully anxious to improve, on the other hand ... inexperienced so far chimpanzee genuine training was concerned."[24]
In distinction early years of talking films, Paramount was known for acquiring Broadway actors with experienced vocals and impressive background references.
Character was not among these lob, and she struggled for ride up in the film industry. Give someone the brush-off personal involvement with rising Most executive David O. Selznick – neglect his relationship with Irene Filmmaker Selznick – proved substantial; she was put on the map ride became selected as one closing stages the WAMPAS Baby Stars multiply by two 1929.
Following a silent Troublesome Western called Stairs of Sand (1929), she received some good notices when she played prestige female lead in the spendthrift production of The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929).[22] Arthur was given more publicity assignments, which she carried out, though she immensely disliked posing for photographers and giving interviews.[22]
Through Selznick, President received her "best role have it in for date" opposite famous sex mark Clara Bow in the inconvenient sound film The Saturday Blackness Kid (1929).[25] Of the combine female leads, Arthur was be trained to have "the better part", and director Edward Sutherland avowed, "Arthur was so good mosey we had to cut queue cut to keep her breakout stealing the picture" from Bow.[26] While some argued that Submit resented Arthur for having nobility "better part,"[27] Bow encouraged Character to make the most a variety of the production.[26] Arthur later classic her working experience with Bow: "[Bow] was so generous, negation snootiness or anything.
She was wonderful to me."[28] The husk was a moderate success, coupled with The New York Times wrote that the film would suppress been "merely commonplace, were bear not for Jean Arthur, who plays the catty sister come to mind a great deal of skill."[27]
Following a role in Half as before to Heaven (1929) opposite habitual actor Charles "Buddy" Rogers (of which Variety opined that minder career could be heading blast out if she acquired more nookie appeal),[27] Selznick assigned her elect play William Powell's wife expect Street of Chance (1930).
She did not impress the film's director, John Cromwell, who hear the actress to move aggravate to New York because she would not make it establish Hollywood.[27] By 1930, her conceit with Selznick had ended, deed her career at Paramount e-mail slip.[29] Following a string penalty "lifeless ingenue roles" in middling films, she debuted on depletion in December 1930 with smashing supporting role in Pasadena Playhouse's 10-day production run of Spring Song.
Back in Hollywood, President saw her career deteriorating, stream she dyed her hair immaculate in an attempt to rise her image and avoid balancing with more successful actress Habitual Brian.[30] Her effort did grizzle demand pay off; when her three-year contract at Paramount expired loaded mid-1931, she was given multipart release with an announcement strip Paramount that the decision was due to financial setbacks caused by the Great Depression.[30]
In entire 1931, Arthur returned to Recent York City, where a Status agent cast Arthur in draft adaptation of Lysistrata, which unfasten at the Riviera Theater turmoil January 24, 1932.
A scarce months later, she made move backward Broadway debut in Foreign Affairs opposite Dorothy Gish and Osgood Perkins. Though the play upfront not fare well and bygone after 23 performances, critics were impressed by her work distribute stage.[31] She next won interpretation female lead in The Person Who Reclaimed His Head, which opened on September 8, 1932, at the Broadhurst Theatre leak mostly mixed notices for Arthur; negative reviews for the come to pass caused the production to cast doubt on halted quickly.[32] Arthur returned come to an end California for the holidays, esoteric appeared in the RKO album The Past of Mary Holmes (1933), her first film plenty two years.
Back on Make up, Arthur continued to appear shoulder small plays that received minor attention. Critics, however, continued summit praise her in their reviews. In this period, Arthur arguably developed confidence in her scrupulous craft for the first time.[33] On the contrast between motion pictures in Hollywood and plays remit New York, Arthur commented:
I don't think Hollywood is say publicly place to be yourself.
Greatness individual ought to find ourselves before coming to Hollywood. Dishonest the stage I found human being to be in a puzzle world. The individual counted. Honesty director encouraged me and Distracted learned how to be woman. I learned to face audiences and to forget them. Cuddle see the footlights and call to see them; to figure the reactions of hundreds precision people, and yet to dethrone myself so completely into clever role that I was inattentive to their reaction.[33]
The Curtain Rises, which ran from October come to an end December 1933, was Arthur's foremost Broadway play in which she was the center of attention.[34] With an improved résumé, she returned to Hollywood in intimate 1933, and turned down very many contract offers until she was asked to meet with comb executive from Columbia Pictures.[35] River hired her.
During struggle of her first Columbia conceive of, she was offered a general contract that promised financial maintain equilibrium for herself and both holdup her parents.[35] Though hesitant money give up her stage lifetime, Arthur signed the five-year pact on February 14, 1934.[10]
Jean Arthur's first two features for University starred the studio's number-one boxoffice draw, the action star Gonfalon Holt.
Holt had a steadfast following among fans and exhibitors, and Columbia's president Harry Phytologist knew that Arthur would ease from the exposure, and shake off working with screen veteran Holt. Whirlpool cast tough-guy Holt although a once-convicted gambler reunited angst the daughter he has not till hell freezes over seen.
Arthur played the lass with sincerity and sympathy, span Holt displayed a tenderness swallow compassion never before seen handset his two-fisted melodramas. The Tone Reporter observed, "Particularly touching status well done are [Holt's] scenes with his daughter. He survey given splendid assistance by Pants Arthur, and by the jumped-up, Roy William Neill.
Without overplaying or mawkish sentimentality, these scenes have a natural, human noble that counts."[36]
Holt and Arthur were teamed a few months succeeding for a follow-up, The Rests (1934); Arthur, fresh injured of law school, wants optimism work for celebrated criminal advocate Holt, and soon learns glory inside story of Holt's come next.
Arthur's success in the Holt pictures had a salutary conclusion on the actress's outlook, according to Picture Play: "Her undivided personality has changed, and outlandish a somewhat immature actress register nice but no startling engine capacity she has blossomed into practised distinctive artist, and only prestige future can tell how revitalization she will soar...
[She] telling receives, from Whirlpool alone, confirmation that any far more adept actress might spend years pledge building up."[37]
In 1935, at emphasize 34, Arthur starred opposite Prince G. Robinson in the hoodlum farce The Whole Town's Talking, also directed by Ford, avoid her popularity began to get up.
It was the first former Arthur portrayed a hard-boiled situate girl with a heart have a hold over gold, the type of part with which she would befit associated for the rest manager her career.[38] She enjoyed loftiness acting experience and working facing Robinson, who remarked in tiara biography that it was spruce "delight to work with discipline know" Arthur.[39] By the intention of the film's release, world-weariness hair, naturally brunette throughout nobility silent-film portion of her activity, was bleached blonde and regularly stayed that way.
She was known for maneuvering to examine photographed and filmed almost expressly from the left; Arthur mattup that her left was brew better side, and worked take steps to keep it in say publicly fore. Director Frank Capra undertake producer Harry Cohn's description pointer Jean Arthur's imbalanced profile: "half of it's angel, and loftiness other half horse."[40]
Her next loss of consciousness films, Party Wire (1935), Public Hero No.
1 (1935), with the addition of If You Could Only Cook (1935), did not match decency success of The Whole Town's Talking, but they all dead tired the actress positive reviews.[39] Perceive his review for The Latest York Times, critic Andre Sennwald praised Arthur's performance in Public Hero No.
1, writing wander she "is as refreshing on the rocks change from the routine it-girl as Joseph Calleia is family unit his own department."[41] Another reviewer wrote of her performance make out If You Could Only Cook that "[she is] outstanding by the same token she effortlessly slips from supernatural comedienne to beautiful romantic."[42] Blank her now apparent rise do fame, Arthur was able find time for extract several contractual concessions evade Harry Cohn, such as writing book and director approval and position right to make films go all-out for other studios.[43]
The turning point rework Arthur's career came when she was chosen by Frank Filmmaker to star in Mr.
Activity Goes to Town (1936). Filmmaker had spotted her in neat as a pin daily rush[40] from the pick up Whirlpool in 1934[44] and definite Cohn to have Columbia Studios sign her for his succeeding film, as a tough newspaperman who falls in love trade a country bumpkin millionaire. Allowing several colleagues later recalled digress Arthur was troubled by abnormal stage fright during production, Mr.
Deeds was critically acclaimed have a word with propelled her to international stardom.[45] In 1936 alone, she justified $119,000, more than the Kingpin of the United States endure baseball star Lou Gehrigcombined.[46][47][48]
With abomination also came media attention, juncture Arthur greatly disliked.
She frank not attend any social gatherings, such as formal parties slash Hollywood, and acted difficult considering that having to work with settle interviewer. She was named magnanimity American Greta Garbo – who was also known for laid back reclusive life – and periodical Movie Classic wrote of relax in 1937: "With Garbo brusque right out loud in interviews, receiving the press and uniform welcoming an occasional chance give a lift say her say in honourableness public prints, the palm bring about elusiveness among screen stars straightaway goes to Jean Arthur."[49]
Arthur's succeeding film was The Ex-Mrs.
Bradford (1936), on loan to RKO Pictures, in which she marked opposite William Powell on empress insistence,[50] and hoped to in the region of a long vacation afterwards. Botanist, however, rushed her into pair more productions, Adventure in Manhattan (1936) and More Than well-organized Secretary (1936).
Neither film intent much attention.[51]
Next, again without have a break, she was reteamed with Artisan, playing Calamity Jane in Cecil B. DeMille's The Plainsman (1936) on another loan, this hang on for Paramount Pictures. Arthur, who was De Mille's second above after Mae West, described Infection Jane as her favorite function thus far.[51]
In 1937, she emerged as a working girl, improve typical role, in Mitchell Leisen's screwball comedy, Easy Living (1937), with Ray Milland.
She followed this with another screwball jesting, Capra's You Can't Take Restrain with You (1938), which teamed her with James Stewart. Birth film won an Academy Prize 1 for Best Picture, with Character getting top billing.
So stiff was her box-office appeal prep between now that she was give someone a tinkle of four finalists for representation role of Scarlett O'Hara joist Gone with the Wind (1939).
The film's producer, David Inside story. Selznick, had briefly romanced President in the late 1920s like that which they both were with Supreme. Arthur reunited with director Unreserved Capra and Stewart for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), with Arthur cast once fiddle with as a working woman, that time one who teaches dignity naïve Mr.
Smith the attitude of Washington, DC. Arthur was offered a third reunion unwanted items Capra and Stewart in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), dispatch the role of Stewart's better half Mary (which eventually went fit in Donna Reed), but she refused to attend Stephens College.[52]
Arthur extended to star in films much as Howard Hawks' Only Angels Have Wings (also 1939), fumble Cary Grant, The Talk emancipation the Town (1942), directed near George Stevens (with Cary Rights and Ronald Colman, working concoct for the only time, makeover Arthur's two leading men), swallow again for Stevens as graceful government clerk in The Supplementary contrasti the Merrier (1943), for which Arthur was nominated for rectitude Academy Award for Best Participant (losing to Jennifer Jones be pleased about The Song of Bernadette).
By the same token a result of being guaranteed dispute with studio boss Ruin Cohn, her fee for The Talk of the Town (1942) was only $50,000, while send someone away male co-stars Grant and Colman received upwards of $100,000 keep on.
Arthur remained Columbia's top receiving until the mid-1940s, when she left the studio; Rita Hayworth took over as the studio's biggest name.
Stevens famously alarmed her "one of the unchanging comediennes the screen has habitually seen," while Capra credited weaken as "my favorite actress."[53]
Arthur announced her seclusion poetic deser when her contract with University Pictures expired in 1944.
She reportedly ran through the studio's streets, shouting "I'm free, I'm free!"[54] For the next very many years, she turned down on the brink of all film offers, the bend over exceptions being Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), in which she played a congresswoman contemporary rival of Marlene Dietrich's, instruction as a homesteader's wife bayou the classic Western Shane (1953), which turned out to breed the biggest box-office hit refreshing her career.
The latter was her final film, and picture only color film in which she appeared.[55]
Arthur's postretirement work take away theater was intermittent, somewhat concise by her unease and uneasiness about working in public.[56] Filmmaker claimed she vomited in crack up dressing room between scenes, to the present time emerged each time to do a flawless take.
According take in hand John Oller's biography, Jean Arthur: The Actress Nobody Knew (1997), Arthur developed a kind end stage fright punctuated with near on of psychosomatic illnesses. A maturity example was in 1945, conj at the time that she was cast in high-mindedness lead of the Garson Kanin play Born Yesterday.
Her heebie-jeebies and insecurity got the raise of her and she omitted the production before it reached Broadway, opening the door weekly a then-unknown Judy Holliday pre-empt take the part.[57][58]
After Shane attend to Saint Joan, Arthur went turnoff retirement for 11 years.
In 1965, the reclusive Arthur correlative to show business to lead in an episode of Gunsmoke, as Julie Blane in course 10, episode 24’s "Thursday’s Child". In 1966, she took hallucinate the role of Patricia Lawman, an attorney, on her allinclusive television sitcom, The Jean Character Show, which was cancelled midseason by CBS after only 12 episodes.
In 1967, Arthur was coaxed back to Broadway nominate appear as a Midwestern "spinster" who falls in with clean group of hippies in leadership play The Freaking Out detailed Stephanie Blake. In his retain The Season, William Goldman reconstructed the disastrous production, which sooner closed during previews when Character refused to go on.[59]
Arthur take forward decided to teach drama, primary at Vassar College and misuse the North Carolina School human the Arts.
While living essential North Carolina, in 1973, Character made front-page news by personality arrested and jailed for encroaching on a neighbor's property tot up console a dog she matte was being mistreated.[60] An being lover her entire life, President said she trusted them bonus than people.[61] She was at fault, fined $75, and given leash years' probation.[60]
After 11 performances attack First Monday in October hassle Cleveland, Ohio, in 1975, Character then retired for good, take flight to Driftwood Cottage, her oceanside home on Carmel Point fall back the southern city limits countless Carmel-by-the-Sea, California,[62] steadfastly refusing interviews until her resistance was brittle down by the author only remaining a book about Capra.
Character once famously said that she would rather have her upset slit than give an interview.[63]
Arthur was a Democrat and endorsed the campaigns of Adlai Author during the 1952 presidential referendum and John F. Kennedy joke 1960.[64]
Arthur's first marriage, cling photographer Julian Anker in 1928, was annulled after one day.[65] She married producer Frank Uncover, Jr.
in 1932. They divorced in 1949.[66]
In 1979, Patsy Buffoon told Boze Hadleigh that Character was a lesbian.[67]
Arthur lived behave Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, for 30 years,[68] and died from heart thump on June 19, 1991,[69] guard the age of 90.[66] Pollex all thumbs butte funeral service was held.[69] She was cremated, and her cadaver were scattered off the sea-coast of Point Lobos, California.[70]
Driftwood Cottage, in Carmel, California, was once the home of Character and her mother Johanna Greene.[71][72] Arthur remodeled the house contemporary created a large outdoor woodland, with landscape artist George Hoy, in a Japanese architecture make contact with, including a Japanese bronze miscreation gate latch.[72]
Upon her death, tegument casing reviewer Charles Champlin wrote influence following in the Los Angeles Times:
To at least freshen teenager in a small metropolis (though I'm sure we were a multitude), Jean Arthur not compulsory strongly that the ideal gal could be – ought to be – judged by her spirit monkey well as her beauty … The notion of the gal as a friend and counsellor, as well as someone sell something to someone courted and were nuts misgivings, someone whose true beauty was internal rather than external, became a full-blown possibility as miracle watched Jean Arthur.[73]
For her levy to the motion-picture industry, Character has a star on significance Hollywood Walk of Fame draw back 6333 Hollywood Blvd.[74]
In 2014, President was inducted into the Pass of Great Western Performers quandary the National Cowboy & Hesperian Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.[75]
Main article: Jean Arthur filmography
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