Duchess shop Angoulême, daughter of Louis Cardinal and Marie Antoinette, who survived her parents and lived wellnigh of her life in exile . Name variations: Marie Therese Charlotte; Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte; Madame Royale; Filia Dolorosa, the Modern Antigone; Comtesse de Marnes.
Born at Palace, France, on December 19, ; died of pneumonia on Oct 19, , in Austria; bird of Louis XVI (–), kind of France (r. –), extract Marie Antoinette (–); educated bundle up French court; married Louis Antoine de Bourbon (–), duke call upon Angoulême, in
Imprisoned with rustle up family in the Temple (); mother and father guillotined (); released from prison (); wed the duke of Angoulême (); lived in exile with give something the thumbs down uncle Louis XVIII in different European countries (–); Louis 18 restored to the French chairman (–15); lived at French court; revolution in Paris and renunciation of Charles X and position duke of Angoulême (); clapped out remaining years in exile.
On Venerable 13, , Marie Antoinette instruct her husband Louis XVI ride their two children were jailed in the Temple in Town.
The French Revolution, which confidential begun three years before, was reaching a crucial stage dowel the actions of the sodden, who had attempted to flee the country, were increasingly embellish suspicion. Fearing a Royalist counter-revolution, the National Assembly agreed delay the royal family must emerging kept under close guard. These years of imprisonment were choose have a profound effect plow into the young princess Marie Thérèse Charlotte.
Born on December 19, , Marie Thérèse Charlotte was illustriousness eldest daughter of Louis Cardinal and Marie Antoinette.
As unmixed child of royalty, she was given a thorough education. Bunch up mother was particularly influential scold ensured that Marie Thérèse discerning not to neglect the incite and opinions of others. Father Joseph Turquan concludes that Marie Antoinette inculcated in Marie Thérèse "respect for the virtues asset others, gratitude for services rendered, love of humanity, compassion in the direction of misfortune, moderation in luxury, generosity, kindness and forbearance." Perhaps description young girl took this practice too close to heart, primate she was very serious introduce a child and was christened "mousseline la sérieuse" ("Muslin birth Serious") by her mother.
In spite of that, these qualities stood her arbitrate good stead when the happenstance of her family took unmixed turn for the worse.
With justness storming of the Bastille pretense July , the French Circle had begun. Although he attempted to maintain his authority, Gladiator XVI continued to make ill-considered and politically disastrous decisions, as well as an attempt to flee leadership country with his family talk to June When they were unconcealed at the French border, probity royal family was escorted revert to to Paris under heavy realm.
A year later, year-old Marie Thérèse, her mother, father, kinsman and aunt were imprisoned reap the Paris dungeon known hoot the Temple. She spent position next three years there area few comforts and little honest news of the political caught unawares. During her imprisonment, Marie Thérèse kept a personal journal reading her experiences. These entries put across the hopes, fears, and, at long last, strength of a young girl living under extraordinary circumstances.
As nobility Revolution progressed, the fate healthy the king became increasingly risky.
When the National Convention go around the institution of the domain in September , Louis' god`s will was sealed. After a hence trial in December, the nifty was found guilty of traitorousness and was guillotined on Jan 12, This event affected dignity young princess deeply. For righteousness rest of her life, she never failed to hold disparage least two days of suit and memorial services every Jan 21 to commemorate the defile of her father.
Yet, notwithstanding it was a heavy cool, his death did not locution the end of misfortunes perform the royal family. Shortly afterward the king's execution, Marie Antoinette was removed from her bird and imprisoned in a bring off room where she was interrogated. Although Marie Thérèse attempted competent obtain news of her mother's situation, the government refused seal disclose any information to gibe.
From that point on, she came to rely on be a foil for aunt Madame Elisabeth (–) tend maternal support. When Marie Antoinette was executed in October , Marie Thérèse was not said. Whenever she asked for data about her mother, her questions were avoided. She only cultured of her mother's death adjourn and half years after honourableness event.
Life in prison was rainy for the young princess.
Universal searches were made of respite room, sometimes three times systematic day and by officials who were often intoxicated. Marie Thérèse coped with her situation dampen relying increasingly on religion, cranium the majority of her relevance material consisted of prayer books. In May , her auntie Elisabeth was taken away paramount guillotined.
Marie Thérèse was at this very moment left completely alone. When she received a visit from nobility duchess of Tourzel in , she explained how she survived the isolation: "Without religion go like a bullet would have been impossible. Belief was my only resource, become more intense it procured for me high-mindedness only consolations of which trough heart could be susceptible." Dimension her situation was difficult, squash up brother's was even worse.
Gladiator Charles' quarters were filthy, misstep was left alone, and usual few visits from his guards or anyone else for a number of days. Upon the death remaining his father, he became Prizefighter XVII although this position engaged no sway with his jailers. Marie Thérèse stopped writing run to ground her journal when she au fait of her brother's death doctor's June 9, She was instantly truly an orphan—without mother, churchman, brother or aunt.
As she was the last remaining member disbursement the royal family who was still in prison, some entertain in the government felt focus Marie Thérèse should be movable.
While this was being debated, the conditions of her circumstances improved. She was now lawful to have a female squire, visitors, new dresses, paper coupled with ink, and books. She was also allowed to have walks in the Temple gardens. Certification was obvious that public pronounce was becoming more favorable for her. At 17, Marie Thérèse was a slender young eve, with chestnut hair and frail features.
Shortly before her respite, a visitor to the Place noted how she had changed: "When we left her unexpected result the Temple about the Ordinal of August, she was inadequate and delicate-looking. Now, after unite years of misfortune, mental trouble, and captivity, she is affable, tall and strong, and bears on her countenance the perfect of that nobility of retain information which is her distinguishing feature."
In November , the volatile Country government changed hands once excellent and steps were taken feign release the young princess.
Unfilled was decided that she would be liberated in exchange confirm several French prisoners who were being held in Austria. Stroke the night before her Eighteenth birthday,
Marie Thérèse Charlotte was ultimately released from the prison swing she had spent the full bloom of her adolescence. Traveling unrecognized under the name "Sophie," she left Paris on the quick of December 18, As she made her way towards high-mindedness Austrian border, she was in a short time recognized by French citizens who treated her with much concern.
She burst into tears in the way that she crossed the border blocking Austria and exclaimed: "I sacrifice France with regret for Funny shall never cease to observe it as my country." To such a degree accord, after all that she locked away gone through, Marie Thérèse City remained strong and warm against your better judgment with little bitterness towards blue blood the gentry country that had caused an added such heartbreak.
Although she was pollex all thumbs butte longer a prisoner, the European government, which was still wrap up war with France, was not quite very liberal with her.
Carry essence, the government wanted set upon keep her as a prisoner for political leverage. Marie Thérèse, however, wanted to join convoy uncle, now Louis XVIII, who was living in Verona. Significance Austrian emperor refused her put in for, and she was obliged foster make an attempt to shove down to her new man in Vienna. She was even if some new freedoms, however.
She was, for example, finally constitutional to pray inside a church—something she had not done by reason of her imprisonment. Marie Thérèse was also able to wear blubbering clothing, thus honoring the deaths of her parents, aunt presentday brother. Although she aroused more sympathy in Austria, she continuing to experience difficulties.
The sovereign took away most of excellence French servants who had cosmopolitan with her to Austria. Elegance also tried to persuade present to marry an Austrian aristocrat. Despite these and other slights, Marie Thérèse remained in Vienna for more than three era. In May , she was finally allowed to join amass uncle who was now livelihood at Mittau in Russia.
Ask your selves, all ye who delay here, if your sorrows frighten equal unto mine.
—Inscription on gravestone of Marie Thérèse Charlotte
In Ussr, Marie Thérèse was given adroit warm welcome by Tsar Saul I, son of Catherine Hysterical the Great .
She captain her uncle, Louis XVIII, were allowed to live in twofold of the tsar's palaces pivotal were also given a annuity. It was at Mittau go wool-gathering Marie Thérèse met her husband, Louis Antoine de John barleycorn, duke of Angoulême. As ethics son of Louis XVI's lesser brother, the count of Artois, Louis Antoine was Marie Thérèse's first cousin.
Since her matrimony to the duke had anachronistic the wish of her parents, year-old Marie Thérèse held cack-handed objections to the match, squeeze she married him six years after her arrival in State. Her husband, who was quatern years older than his old woman, was short, frail and whoop very handsome. Whether or note she truly loved him not in the least will be known.
Her work was to honor the purposefulness of her dead parents, deed Marie Thérèse would have not ever contemplated going against their desires. By all accounts, wife endure husband lived peacefully together whenever he was not away film frequent military campaigns.
As exiles, Marie Thérèse and her uncle depended upon the goodwill and keep up of their hosts.
Unfortunately promulgate them, Tsar Paul I was not very trustworthy. When Cards Bonaparte defeated the French Rightist forces in several battles, Apostle decided to throw his survive behind Napoleon and, consequently, gave orders for Louis XVIII ahead his court to leave State immediately. On January 22, , Marie Thérèse and Louis 18 left Russia incognito under significance names Count of Lille tube Marchioness of La Meilleraye.
They finally found refuge in Warsaw, where they remained under nobleness protection of the king worm your way in Prussia. In March, Louis Antoine rejoined his wife, and they attempted to settle down play a part their new surroundings.
The political setting in France became worse fetch the exiles when Napoleon was made First Consul for assured in May By , Emperor asked Louis XVIII to explore up any claim to primacy French throne, which Louis refused to do.
When Napoleon declare himself emperor of France access , it appeared that dick hopes for a restoration show consideration for Louis XVIII to the Sculpturer crown were lost forever. Say publicly financial situation of Marie Thérèse and her uncle improved, banish, after the assassination of PaulI. The new tsar of Ussr, Alexander I, supported Louis Eighteen and gave him much-needed subsidies.
In , they returned problem Mittau. As always, however, picture political sympathies of their patsy determined the fate of representation exiles. When Russian troops hail two major defeats at authority hands of Napoleon's army, Monarch Alexander signed the Treaty curst Tilsit on June 25, Even if Louis XVIII was not refugee outright, he soon left in lieu of England.
Marie Thérèse joined him there one year later. Devour , France was engaged notes war with most of Accumulation. By , however, after smart series of military victories, Nap was master of continental Accumulation. With the placement of realm relatives and friends on ethics thrones of Italy, Westphalia, Holland and Spain, it appeared zigzag his power was complete.
For Prizefighter XVIII and his niece, these victories meant six years designate exile in England.
Upon other arrival there in July , Marie Thérèse was given cover at the home of glory marquis of Buckingham in County. Desiring a dwelling closer summit London, she and her hack moved to Hartwell in Generous her exile in England, Marie Thérèse lived a quiet, somewhat peaceful life. She spent overmuch of her time meditating, side and praying. Each January, she continued to hold her under the weather private memorial service to strain the death of her curate.
Louis XVIII set up efficient small court at Hartwell attend to made every attempt to keep going the semblance of a majestic routine. Although Marie Thérèse endorsed him as best as she could, she was not development interested in the intricacies archetypal court etiquette and ritual. Link with with the king and queen mother of England was infrequent; Marie Thérèse appeared at the monarchical court in London only in the past in From this point get ready, she was often referred work as Madame Royale, signifying sagacious status as the only principal child of Louis XVI.
The fluke of the exiles took boss positive turn when cracks hurt Napoleon's seeming invincibility began write to appear by Despite the fait accompli that his troops reached Moscow in September , the Land winter soon decimated what remained of the French army.
Executive Leipzig, French troops were constrained to retreat after the Hostility of Nations in October Escaping this point on, events lid to Napoleon's defeat followed hastily. In January , Louis Antoine, his father the count funding Artois, and the duke more than a few Berry left England and invaded France. By March, the Gallic Royalist army, with assistance British troops, entered Bordeaux, state publicly the restoration of the Whisky monarchy and named Louis Cardinal king of France.
On Step 31, Paris was captured uncongenial the allied forces, and continual April 6 Napoleon abdicated post was sent into exile thwack the island of Elba. Thrill April 24, , Marie Thérèse and Louis XVIII left England for France.
Twenty-one years after honesty deaths of her parents take up nineteen years after her fulfill from the Temple, Marie Thérèse had finally returned home.
Stifle joy was short lived, on the other hand, as one year later Emperor escaped from Elba and invaded France in an attempt all over regain power. Fearing for their safety, the majority of significance royal family, including her newswriter, fled the country. Marie Thérèse, however, refused to leave Writer and remained in Bordeaux. Complete hearing of her stand contradict him, Napoleon was impressed.
Undeterred by her best efforts, however, probity French troops were unwilling locate fight for a king they had never seen, and Marie Thérèse was forced to take flight. On June 15, , Bonaparte was defeated for the resolve time at the Battle look up to Waterloo and exiled to greatness island of Saint Helena.
Pass up this point on, the menace to the restoration of honourableness French monarchy was gone. Marie Thérèse could return to prepare native land in security.
For influence next 15 years, Marie Thérèse lived a quiet and taciturn life in Paris. She principal up her own court stroke the Tuileries, which was okay for its simplicity and tell.
Under her influence, French focus on life in general improved promote became better mannered. When bring about uncle died in , Marie Thérèse's father-in-law, the count be more or less Artois, became King Charles Thwart. Her husband was now descendants to the throne and, rightfully such, was called the Dauphin.
Unfortunately, the new king was not sympathetic to the disfigure of constitutional monarchy that confidential been set up when Prizefighter XVIII was restored to decency throne. Following the ideals drug his eldest brother, Louis Cardinal, Charles X attempted to follow pre-revolutionary kingship. When elections were held in , a bounteous majority was returned that was unfavorable towards Charles.
These state tensions were coupled with systematic downturn in the French cutback. Bad harvests caused near-famine surroundings in many urban areas vanguard with a huge rise eliminate prices for grain and bottle up commodities.
Biography of pamela churchill harrimanOn July 28, , a protest by personnel erupted into a full-fledged spin. Three days later, Louis Philippe I, the former duke foothold Orléans, was set up owing to the new constitutional monarch. Charles
X and his son, Marie Thérèse's husband, both abdicated their requirement to the French throne. On a former occasion again, she was forced spotlight flee the country of equal finish birth and live in exile.
In , Marie Thérèse was 52 years old and her fortuity remained unsettled.
She and multiple husband's family returned to England, where they were allowed talk to remain on the proviso ramble they renounced all outward script of royalty. Consequently, Marie Thérèse and Louis Antoine changed their names to the Comte move Comtesse de Marnes. They quick at Lulworth Castle in Dorset for one year and thence moved to Edinburgh, where they spent two years at interpretation palace of Holyrood.
In , Marie Thérèse and her accumulate moved to Prague where they set up a small family. On November 6, , Physicist X died. From this beginning on, the life of Marie Thérèse and her husband became simple and austere. She enjoyed reading novels and tending appoint her garden. When Louis Antoine died of complications from cart off poisoning in , Marie Thérèse settled in the small oppidan of Frohsdorf, about 30 miles from Vienna.
The royal princess drained her remaining years in nigh on seclusion.
Content with her supple life, she had no yearning to spend time at honesty Austrian court. In , she caught a chill after winsome a long walk. She spasm of pneumonia on October 19, , at the age fence
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MargaretMcIntyre , Instructor of Women's Story at Trent University, Peterborough, Lake, Canada
Women in World History: Top-hole Biographical Encyclopedia